Seminars in Colon & Rectal Surgery
Volume 13, Issue 1 , Pages 31-42 , March 2002

Adjuvant radiotherapy in operable rectal cancer: A systematic review

References 

  1. Oxman A, Clarke M. Cochrane reviewers' handbook 4.1. (updated June 2000), in Review Manager (RevMan) (computer program; ver 4.1). Oxford, UK, The Cochrane Collaboration 2000;
  2. Barendsen GW. Dose fractionation, dose rate and iso-effect relationships for normal tissue responses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1982;8:1981–1997
  3. The Cochrane Collaboration . RevMan. (Review Manager) (computer program; ver 4.1 update) Oxford, UK: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2000;
  4. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group . Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy. 133 randomised trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 deaths among 75,000 women Lancet. 1992;339:71–85
  5. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clin Trials. 1986;7:177–188
  6. Working Party MRC. A trial of preoperative radiotherapy in the management of operable rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1982;69:513–519
  7. Working Party MRC. The evaluation of low dose preoperative X-ray therapy in the management of operable rectal cancer; results of a randomly controlled trial. Br J Surg. 1984;71:21–25
  8. Working Party MRC. Clinico-pathological features of prognostic significance in operable rectal cancer in 17 centres in the UK. Br J Cancer. 1984;50:435–442
  9. Duncan W. Adjuvant radiotherapy in rectal cancer: The MRC trials. Br J Surg. 1985;72(suppl):S59–S62
  10. Rider WD, Palmer JA, Mahoney LJ, et al.  Preoperative irradiation in operable cancer of the rectum: Report of the Toronto trial. Can J Surg. 1977;20:335–338
  11. Porter NH, Nicholls RJ. Pre-operative radiotherapy in operable rectal cancer: Interim report of a trial carried out by the Rectal Cancer Group. Br J Surg. 1985;72(suppl):S62–S64
  12. Jones DJ, Zaloudik J, James RD, et al.  Predicting local recurrence of carcinoma of the rectum after preoperative radiotherapy and surgery. Br J Surg. 1989;76:1172–1175
  13. James RD, Haboubi N, Schofield PF, et al.  Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma treated by preoperative radiotherapy and immediate surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:546–551
  14. Marsh PJ, James RD, Schofield PF. Adjuvant preoperative radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal carcinoma. Results of a prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:1205–1214
  15. Stearns MW, Deddish MR, Quan SHQ, et al.  Preoperative Roentgen therapy for cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1974;138:584–586
  16. Higgins GAJ, Conn JH, Jordan PHJ, et al.  Preoperative radiotherapy for colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 1975;181:624–631
  17. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial . Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:980–987
  18. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial . Initial report from a Swedish multicentre study examining the role of preoperative irradiation in the treatment of patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Br J Surg. 1993;80:1333–1336
  19. Dahlberg M, Glimelius B, Graf W, et al.  Preoperative irradiation affects functional results after surgery for rectal cancer: Results from a randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:543–551
  20. Cedermark B, Johansson H, Rutqvist LE, et al.  The Stockholm I trial of preoperative short term radiotherapy in operable rectal carcinoma. A prospective randomized trial. Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Cancer. 1995;75:2269–2275
  21. Cedermark B, Theve NO, Rieger A, et al.  Preoperative short-term radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma. A preliminary report of a prospective randomized study. Cancer. 1985;55:1182–1185
  22. Holm T, Rutqvist LE, Johansson H, et al.  Postoperative mortality in rectal cancer treated with or without preoperative radiotherapy: Causes and risk factors. Br J Surg. 1996;83:964–968
  23. Holm T, Singnomklao T, Rutqvist LE, et al.  Adjuvant preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal carcinoma. Adverse effects during long term follow-up of two randomized trials. Cancer. 1996;78:968–976
  24. Dahl O, Horn A, Morild I, et al.  Low-dose preoperative radiation postpones recurrences in operable rectal cancer. Results of a randomized multicenter trial in western Norway. Cancer. 1990;66:2286–2294
  25. Horn A, Morild I, Dahl O. Tumour shrinkage and down staging after preoperative radiation of rectal adenocarcinomas. Radiother Oncol. 1990;18:19–28
  26. Higgins GA, Humphrey EW, Dwight RW, et al.  Preoperative radiation and surgery for cancer of the rectum. Veterans Administration Surgical Oncology Group Trial II. Cancer. 1986;58:352–359
  27. Boulis-Wassif S. The role of pre-operative adjuvant therapy in the management of borderline operability rectal cancer. Clin Radiol. 1982;33:353–358
  28. Gerard A, Berrod JL, Pene F, et al.  Interim analysis of a phase III study on preoperative radiation therapy in resectable rectal carcinoma. Trial of the Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Cancer. 1985;55:2373–2379
  29. Kutzner J, Bruckner R, Kempf P. Preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. Strahlentherapie. 1984;160:236–238
  30. Working Party MRC. Randomised trial of surgery alone versus radiotherapy followed by surgery for potentially operable locally advanced rectal cancer. Medical Research Council Rectal Cancer Working Party. Lancet. 1996;348:1605–1610
  31. Reis Neto JA. A comparison of nonoperative vs. preoperative radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma: A 10 year randomised trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989;32:702–710
  32. Kligerman MM, Urdaneta N, Knowlton A, et al.  Preoperative irradiation of rectosigmoid carcinoma including its regional lymph nodes. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1972;114:498–503
  33. Kligerman MM. Preoperative radiation theration therapy in rectal cancer. Cancer. 1975;36:691–695
  34. Sparso BH, Von der Maase H, Kristensen D, et al.  Complications following postoperative combined radiation and chemotherapy in adenocarcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. A randomized trial that failed. Cancer. 1984;54:2363–2366
  35. Working Party MRC. Randomised trial of surgery alone versus surgery followed by radiotherapy for mobile cancer of the rectum. Medical Research Council Rectal Cancer Working Party. Lancet. 1996;348:1610–1614
  36. Thomas PR, Lindblad AS. Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy in rectal carcinoma: A review of the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group experience. Radiother Oncol. 1988;13:245–252
  37. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group . Prolongation of the disease-free interval in surgically treated rectal carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:1465–1472
  38. Douglass HOJ, Moertel CG, Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group . Survival after postoperative combination treatment of rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1294
  39. Mameghan H, Gray BN, de Zwart J, et al.  Adjuvant post-operative radiotherapy in rectal cancer: Results from the ANZ Bowel Cancer Trial (Protocol 8202). Australas Radiol. 1991;35:61–65
  40. Arnaud JP, Nordlinger B, Bosset JF, et al.  Radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy as combined treatment in rectal cancer. Final results of a phase III study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Br J Surg. 1997;84:352–357
  41. Tveit KM, Guldvog I, Hagen S, et al.  Randomized controlled trial of postoperative radiotherapy and short-term time-scheduled 5-fluorouracil against surgery alone in the treatment of Dukes B and C rectal cancer. Norwegian Adjuvant Rectal Cancer Project Group. Br J Surg. 1997;84:1130–1135
  42. Fisher B, Wolmark N, Rockette H, et al.  Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for rectal cancer: Results from NSABP protocol R-01. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988;80:21–29
  43. Bentzen SM, Balslev I, Pedersen M, et al.  A regression analysis of prognostic factors after resection of Dukes' B and C carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Does post-operative radiotherapy change the prognosis?. Br J Cancer. 1988;58:195–201
  44. Bentzen SM, Balslev I, Pedersen M, et al.  Time to loco-regional recurrence after resection of Dukes' B and C colorectal cancer with or without adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy. A multivariate regression analysis. Br J Cancer. 1992;65:102–107
  45. Balslev I, Pedersen M, Teglbjaerg PS, et al.  Postoperative radiotherapy in Dukes' B and C carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. A randomized multicenter study. Cancer. 1986;58:22–28
  46. Balslev I, Pedersen M, Teglbjaerg PS, et al.  Postoperative radiotherapy in cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. A prospective randomized multicenter study. Ugeskr Laeger. 1988;150:1958–1961
  47. Balslev I, Pedersen M, Teglbjaerg PS, et al.  Postoperative radiotherapy in rectosigmoid cancer Dukes' B and C: Interim report from a randomized multicentre study. Br J Cancer. 1982;46:551–556
  48. Treurniet-Donker AD, van Putten WL, Wereldsma JC, et al.  Postoperative radiation therapy for rectal cancer. An interim analysis of a prospective, randomized multicenter trial in The Netherlands. Cancer. 1991;67:2042–2048
  49. Stewart LA, Parmar MKB. Meta-analysis of the literature or of individual patient data: Is there a difference?. Lancet. 1993;341:418–422
  50. Clarke M, Stewart L, Pignon JP, et al.  Individual patient data meta-analysis in cancer. Br J Cancer. 1998;77:2036–2044
  51. Easterbrook PJ, Berlin JA, Gopalan R, et al.  Publication bias in clinical research. Lancet. 1991;337:867–872
  52. Sackett DL. Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis. 1979;32:51–63
  53. Frykholm GJ, Glimelius B, Pahlman L. Preoperative or postoperative irradiation in adenocarcinoma of the rectum: Final treatment results of a randomized trial and an evaluation of late secondary effects. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:564–572
  54. Glimelius B, Graffman S, Pahlman L, et al.  Preoperative irradiation with high-dose fractionation in adenocarcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Acta Radiol Oncol. 1982;21:373–379
  55. Pahlman L, Glimelius B, Graffman S. Pre- versus postoperative radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma: An interim report from a randomized multicentre trial. Br J Surg. 1985;72:961–966
  56. Pahlman L, Glimelius B. Pre- or postoperative radiotherapy in rectal and rectosigmoid carcinoma. Report from a randomized multicenter trial. Ann Surg. 1990;211:187–195
  57. MacFarlane JK, Ryall RDH, Heald RJ. Mesorectal excision for colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1993;341:457–460
  58. Hillner BE, Smith TJ, Desch CE. Hospital and physician volume or specialization and outcomes in cancer treatment: Importance in quality of cancer care. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:2327–2340
  59. Mella J, Biffin A, Radcliffe AG, et al.  Population-based audit of colorectal cancer management in two UK health regions. Colorectal Cancer Working Group, Royal College of Surgeons of England Clinical Epidemiology and Audit Unit. Br J Surg. 1997;84:1731–1736
  60. McArdle CS, Hole D. Impact of variability among surgeons on postoperative morbidity and mortality and ultimate survival. BMJ. 1991;302:1501–1505
  61. Kee F, Wilson RH, Harper C, et al.  Influence of hospital and clinician workload on survival from colorectal cancer: Cohort study. BMJ. 1999;318:1381–1386
  62. Lehander Martling A, Holm T, Rutqvist LE, et al.  Effect of a surgical training programme on outcome of rectal cancer in the county of Stockholm. Lancet. 2000;356:93–96
  63. Hall NR, Finan PJ, al-Jaberi T, et al.  Circumferential margin involvement after mesorectal excision of rectal cancer with curative intent. Predictor of survival but not local recurrence?. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:979–983
  64. Quirke P, Dixon MF. The prediction of local recurrence in rectal adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1988;3:127–131
  65. Kapiteijn E, Klein Kranenbarg E, Steup WH, et al.  Total mesorectal excision (TME) with or without preoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of primary rectal cancer. Prospective randomised trial with standard operative and histopathological techniques. Eur J Surg. 1999;165:410–420

☆ Address reprint requests to Alastair J. Munro, Professor of Radiation Oncology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK, DD1 9SY; e-mail: a.j.munro@dundee.ac.uk.

PII: S1043-1489(02)70004-3

Seminars in Colon & Rectal Surgery
Volume 13, Issue 1 , Pages 31-42 , March 2002

Article Tools