Seminars in Colon & Rectal Surgery
Volume 17, Issue 3 , Pages 125-130 , September 2006

Pain Management in Anorectal Surgery

  • Michael J. Stamos

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Michael J. Stamos, MD, FACS, FASCRS, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Chief, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, University California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA.
  • ,
  • Terry C. Hicks

References 

  1. International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain terms: A list with definitions and notes on usage. Pain. 1979;6:249
  2. Chung F, Ritchie E, Su J. Postoperative pain in ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:808–816
  3. Fitzgerald M. C-fos and changing the face of pain. Trends Neurosci. 1990;13:439–440
  4. Bullit E. Induction of c-fos-like protein within the lumbar spinal cord and thalamus of the rat following peripheral stimulation. Brain Res. 1989;493:391–397
  5. Hunt SP, Pini A, Evan G. Induction of c-fos-like protein in spinal cord neurons following sensory stimulation. Nature. 1987;328:632–634
  6. Clinical Guideline Practice: Acute pain management: operative or medical procedures and trauma AHCPR publication 92-0022. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research; 1992;
  7. Deleted in Proof
  8. Schmitt F, Wooldridge PJ. Psychological preparation of surgical patients. Nursing Res. 1973;22:108–116
  9. Voshall B. The effects of preoperative teaching on postoperative pain. Topics Clin Nurs. 1980;2:39–43
  10. Hathaway D. Effect of preoperative instructions on postoperative outcomes: A meta-analysis. Nurs Res. 1986;35:269–275[10366]
  11. Li S, Coloma M, White P, Watcha M, Chiu JW, Li H, et al. Comparison of the costs and recovery profiles of three anesthetic techniques for ambulatory anorectal surgery. Anaesthesia. 2002;93:1225–1230
  12. Fleischer M, Marini CP, Statman R, Capella J, Shevde K. Local Anesthesia is superior to spinal anesthesia for anorectal surgical procedures. Am Surg. 1994;60:812–815
  13. Pryn SJ, Crosse M, Murison C, McGinn FP. Postoperative analgesia for haemorrhoidectomy. Anaesthesia. 1989;44:964–966
  14. Read TE, Henry SE, Hovis RM, et al. Prospective evaluation of anesthetic technique for anorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1553–1560
  15. Crile GW. The kinetic theory of shock and its prevention through anociassociation. Lancet. 1913;185:7–16
  16. Woolf CJ, Chong MS. Preemptive analgesia- treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:362–379
  17. Woolf CJ. Evidence for a central component of postinjury pain hypersensitivity. Nature. 1983;306:686–688
  18. Richards JT, Read JR, Chambers WA. Epidural anaesthesia as a method of preemptive analgesia for abdominal hysterectomy. Anaesthesia. 1998;5:296–298
  19. Gottschalk A, Smith DS, Jobes DR, et al. Preemptive epidural analgesia and recovery from radical prostatectomy: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;279:1076–1082
  20. Schecter WP, Bongard FS, Gainor BJ, Weltz DL, Horn JK. Pain control in outpatient surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;195:95–104
  21. Moiniche S, Kehlet H, Dahl JB. A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief: The role of timing of analgesia. Anaesthesia. 2002;96:725–741
  22. Luck AJ, Hewett PJ. Ischiorectal fossa block decreases posthemorrhoidectomy pain: Randomized, prospective, double-blind clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:142–145
  23. Vinson-Bonnet B, Coltat , Fingerhut A, Bonnet F. Local infiltration with ropivacaine improves immediate postoperative pain control after hemorrhoidal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:104–108
  24. Beilin B, Bessler H, Mayburd E, et al. Effects of preemptive analgesia on pain and cytokine productions in the postoperative period. Anaesthesia. 2003;98:151–155
  25. Rowsell M, Bello M, Hemingway DM. Circumferential mucosectomy (stapled haemorrhoidectomy) versus conventional haemorrhoidectomy: Randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;355:779–781
  26. Mehigan BJ, Monson JR, Hartley JE. Stapling procedure for haemorrhoids versus Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy: Randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;355:782–785
  27. Ganio E, Altomare DF, Gabrielli F, Milito G, Canuti S. Prospective randomized multicenter trial comparing stapled with open haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 2001;88:669–674
  28. Peng BC, Jayne DG, Ho Y-H. Randomized trial of rubber band ligation vs. stapled hemorrhoidectomy for prolapsed piles. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:291–297
  29. Ortiz H, Marzo J, Armendariz P. Randomized clinical trial of stapled haemorrhoidopexy versus conventional diathermy haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 2002;89:1376–1381
  30. Palazzo FF, Farncis DL, Clifton MA. Randomized clinical trial of ligasure versus open haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 2002;89:154–157
  31. Jayne DG, Botterill I, Ambrose NS, Brennan TG, Guillou PJ, O’Riordain DS. Randomized clinical trial of Ligasure versus conventional diathermy for day-case haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 2002;89:428–432
  32. Chia YW, Darzi A, Speakman Ct, Hill AD, Jameson JS, Henry MM. CO2 laser haemorrhoidectomy: Does it alter anorectal function or decrease pain compared to conventional haemorrhoidectomy?. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1995;10:22–24
  33. Senagore A, Mazier Wp, Luchtefeld MA, MacKeigan JM, Wengert T. Treatment of advanced hemorrhoidal disease: A prospective, randomized comparison of cold scalpel vs. contact Nd:YAG laser. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:1042–1049
  34. Armstrong DN, Ambroze WL, Schertzer ME, Orangio GR. Harmonic scalpel vs. electrocautery hemorrhoidectomy: A prospective evaluation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:558–564
  35. Ho YH, Seow-Choen F, Tan M, Leong Af. Randomized controlled trial of open and closed haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 1997;84:1729–1730
  36. Mikuni N, Oya M, Komatsu J, Yamana T. A prospective randomized comparison between an open hemorrhoidectomy and a semi-closed (semi-open) hemorrhoidectomy. Surg Today. 2002;32:40–47
  37. Gencosmanoglu R, Sad O, Koc D, Inceoglu R. Hemorrhoidectomy: Open or closed technique? (A prospective, randomized clinical trial). Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:70–75
  38. Arbman G, Krook H, Haapaniemi S. Closed vs. open hemorrhoidectomy: Is there any difference?. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:31–34
  39. Khubchandani IT. Internal sphincterotomy with hemorrhoidectomy does not relieve pain: A prospective randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1452–1457
  40. Mathai V, Ong BC, Ho YH. Randomized controlled trial of lateral internal sphincterotomy with haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 1996;83:380–382
  41. Galizia G, Lieto E, Castellano P, Pelosio L, Imperatore V, Pigantelli C. Lateral internal sphincterotomy together with haemorrhoidectomy for treatment of haemorrhoids: A randomized prospective study. Eur J Surg. 2000;166:223–228
  42. Wasvary HJ, Hain J, Mosed-Vogel M, Bendick P, Barkel D, Klein S. Randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of effect of nitroglycerin ointment on pain after hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1069–1073
  43. Jonas M, Speake W, Scholefield JH. Diltiazem heals glyceryl trinitrate-resistant chronic anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1091–1095
  44. Perrotti P, Bove A, Antropoli C, et al. Topical nifedipine with lidocaine ointment vs. active control for treatment of chronic anal fissure: Results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1468–1475
  45. Place RJ, Coloma M, White PF, et al. Ketorolac improves recovery after outpatient anorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:804–808
  46. Richman IM. Use of Toradol in anorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:295–296
  47. O’Donovan S, Ferrara A, Larach S, Williamson P. Intraoperative use of Toradol facilitates outpatient hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:793–799
  48. Strom BL, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, et al. Parenteral Ketorolac and risk of gastrointestinal and operative site bleeding: A postmarketing surveillance study. JAMA. 1996;275:376–382
  49. Aasobe V, Raeder JC, Groegaard B. Betamethasone reduces postoperative pain and nausea after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:319–323
  50. Yadav S, McLatchie GR, Mackenzie I. Evaluation of proctofoam as a post-operative analgesic in patients undergoing haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Clin Pract. 1984;38:414–415
  51. Tschernko EM, Klepetko H, Gruber E, et al. Clonidine added to the anesthetic solution enhances analgesia and improves oxygenation after intercostal nerve block for thoracotomy. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:107–111
  52. Bernard JM, Macaire P. Dose-range effects of clonidine added to lidocaine for brachial plexus block. Anaesthesia. 1997;87:277–284
  53. Hussein MK, Taha AM, Haddad FF, Bassim YR. Bupivacaine local injection in anorectal surgery. Int Surg. 1998;83:56–57
  54. Ingram M, Wright TA, Ingoldby CJ. A prospective randomized study of calcium alginate (Sorbsan) versus standard gauze packing following haemorrhoidectomy. JR Coll Surg Edinb. 1998;43:308–309
  55. Eriksson H, Tenhunen A, Korttila K. Balanced analgesia improves recovery and outcome after outpatient tubal liation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996;40:151–155
  56. Michaloliakou C, Chung F, Sharma S. Preoperative multimodal analgesia facilitates recovery after ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg. 1996;82:44–51
  57. Raeder JC, Steine S, Vatsgar TT. Oral ibuprofen versus paracetamol plus codeine for analgesia after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:1470–1472
  58. Schecter WP, Bongard FS, Gainor BJ, Weltz DL, Horn JK. Pain control in outpatient surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;195:95–104
  59. Moiniche S, Kehlet H, Dahl JB. A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief: The role of timing of analgesia. Anaesthesia. 2002;96:725–741
  60. Raeder JC, Steine S, Vatsgar TT. Oral ibuprofen versus paracetamol plus codeine for analgesia after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:1470–1472
  61. Schecter WP, Bongard FS, Gainor BJ, Weltz DL, Horn JK. Pain control in outpatient surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;195:95–104
  62. Place RJ, Coloma M, White PF, et al. Ketorolac improves recovery after outpatient anorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:804–808
  63. Schecter WP, Bongard FS, Gainor BJ, Weltz DL, Horn JK. Pain control in outpatient surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;195:95–104
  64. Kilbride M, Morse M, Senagore A. Transdermal fentanyl improves management of postoperative hemorrhoidectomy pain. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:1070–1072
  65. Reinhart DJ, Goldberg ME, Roth JV, et al. Transdermal fentanyl system plus in ketorolac for the treatment of postoperative pain. Can J Anaesth. 1997;44:377–384
  66. Lehmann LJ, DeSio JM, Radvany T, Bikhazi GB. Transdermal fentanyl in postoperative pain. Reg Anesth. 1997;22:24–28
  67. Biehl AG. Use of transdermal fentanyl. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:556
  68. Kilbride MJ, Senagore AJ, Morse M. Improving patients safety with transdermal-fentanyl for post-hemorrhoidectomy pain. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:104
  69. Bernstein KZ, Klausner MA. Potential dangers related to transdermal fentanyl (Duragesic) when used for postoperative pain. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:1339–1340
  70. Cohn BT, Draeger RI, Jackson DW. The effects of cold therapy in the postoperative management of pain in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1989;17:344–349
  71. Brandner B, Munro B, Bromby LM, Hetreed M. Evaluation of the contribution to postoperative analgesia by local cooling of the wound. Anaesthesia. 1996;51:1021–1025
  72. Smith SL, Simon R. Viscous lidocaine as a posthemorrhoidectomy analgesic. Dis Colon Rectum. 1979;22:40–41
  73. Balfour L, Stojkovic SG, Botterill ID, Burke DA, Finan PJ, Sagar PM. A randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of metronidazole on pain after closed hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1186–1190
  74. Carapeti EA, Kamm MA, McDonald PJ, Phillips RK. Double-blind randomised controlled trial of effect of metronidazole on pain after day-case haemorrhoidectomy. Lancet. 1998;351:169–172
  75. Chiu JH, Chen WS, Chen CH, et al. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief on patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:180–185
  76. Goldstein ET, Williamson PR, Larach SW. Subcutaneous morphine pump for postoperative hemorrhoidectomy pain management. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:439–446
  77. Zohar E, Fredman B, Phillipov A, Jedeikin R, Shapiro A. The analgesic efficacy of patient-controlled bupivacaine wound instillation after total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:482–487

PII: S1043-1489(06)00066-2

doi: 10.1053/j.scrs.2006.07.002

Seminars in Colon & Rectal Surgery
Volume 17, Issue 3 , Pages 125-130 , September 2006