Seminars in Colon & Rectal Surgery
Volume 21, Issue 1 , Pages 2-5 , March 2010

Pelvic Floor Disorders: Scope of the Problem

  • Amy L. Halverson, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to: Amy L. Halverson, MD, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 650, Chicago, IL 60611
    • ,
  • Anne-Marie Boller, MD

References 

  1. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002;21:167–178
  2. Shamliyan T, Wyman J, Bliss D, et al. Prevention of urinary and fecal incontinence in adults. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2007;1–379
  3. Hunskaar S, Lose G, Sykes D, et al. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in four European countries. BJU Int. 2004;93:324–330
  4. Nelson R, Norton N, Cautley E, et al. Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence. JAMA. 1995;274:559–561
  5. Varma A, Gunn J, Gardiner A, et al. Obstetric anal sphincter injury: prospective evaluation of incidence. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1537–1543
  6. Johanson JF, Lafferty J. Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:33–36
  7. Varma MG, Brown JS, Creasman JM, et al. Fecal incontinence in females older than aged 40 years: who is at risk?. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:841–851
  8. Poritz LS. Rectal Prolapse. eMedicine http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/196411-overviewAccessed July 22, 2009.
  9. Neil M, Parks A, Swash M. Physiological studies of the anal sphincter musculature in faecal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Br J Surg. 1981;68:531–536
  10. Karulf RE, Madoff RD, Goldberg SM. Rectal prolapse. Curr Probl Surg. 2001;38:771–832
  11. Gonzalez-Argente FX, Jain A, Nogueras JJ, et al. Prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence and pelvic genital prolapse in females with anal incontinence or rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:920–926
  12. Khullar V, Damiano R, Toozs-Hobson P, et al. Prevalence of faecal incontinence among women with urinary incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105:1211–1213
  13. Wood J, Amos L, Rieger N. Third degree anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;38:414–417
  14. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Bartram CI, et al. Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1993;43:263–270
  15. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, et al. Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair. BMJ. 1994;308:887–891
  16. Burgio KL, Borello-France D, Richter HE, et al. Risk factors for fecal and urinary incontinence after childbirth: the childbirth and pelvic symptoms study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1998–2004
  17. Burgio KL, Richter HE, Clements RH, et al. Changes in urinary and fecal incontinence symptoms with weight loss surgery in morbidly obese women. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:1034–1040
  18. Dudding TC, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Obstetric anal sphincter injury: incidence, risk factors, and management. Ann Surg. 2008;247:224–237
  19. Castro LC, Avina RL. Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcomes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2002;14:601–606
  20. Kabiru W, Raynor BD. Obstetric outcomes associated with increase in BMI category during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:928–932
  21. Fitzpatrick M, Behan M, O'Connell PR, et al. Randomised clinical trial to assess anal sphincter function following forceps or vacuum assisted vaginal delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;110:424–429
  22. Eason E, Labrecque M, Marcoux S, et al. Anal incontinence after childbirth. Can Med Assoc J. 2002;166:326–330
  23. Damon H, Henry L, Bretones S, et al. Postdelivery anal function in primiparous females: ultrasound and manometric study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:472–477
  24. Hendrix SL, Clark A, Nygaard I, et al. Pelvic organ prolapse in the women's health initiative: gravity and gravidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:1160–1166
  25. Moalli PA, Jones IS, Meyn LA, et al. Risk factors associated with pelvic floor disorders in women undergoing surgical repair. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:869–874
  26. Swift SE, Tate SB, Nicholas J. Correlation of symptoms with degree of pelvic organ support in a general population of women: what is pelvic organ prolapse?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:372–377; discussion 377-379
  27. Whitcomb EL, Lukacz ES, Lawrence JM, et al. Prevalence and degree of bother from pelvic floor disorders in obese women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2009;20:289–294
  28. Richter HE, Redden DT, Duxbury AS, et al. Pelvic floor surgery in the older woman: enhanced compared with usual preoperative assessment. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:800–807
  29. Altman D, Falconer C, Rossner S, et al. The risk of anal incontinence in obese women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007;18:1283–1289
  30. Cummings JM, Rodning CB. Urinary stress incontinence among obese women: review of pathophysiology therapy. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2000;11:41–44
  31. Bump RC, Sugerman HJ, Fantl JA, et al. Obesity and lower urinary tract function in women: effect of surgically induced weight loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167:392–397; discussion 397-399
  32. Kudish BI, Iglesia CB, Sokol RJ, et al. Effect of weight change on natural history of pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:81–88
  33. Wasserberg N, Petrone P, Haney M, et al. Effect of surgically induced weight loss on pelvic floor disorders in morbidly obese women. Ann Surg. 2009;249:72–76
  34. Luber KM, Boero S, Choe JY. The demographics of pelvic floor disorders: current observations and future projections. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:1496–1501discussion 1501-1503
  35. Olsen AL, Smith VJ, Bergstrom JO, et al. Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;89:501–506
  36. Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Sandvik H, et al. A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPINCONT study. Epidemiology of Incontinence in the County of Nord-Trondelag. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:1150–1157
  37. Donnelly V, O'Connell PR, O'Herlihy C. The influence of oestrogen replacement on faecal incontinence in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:311–315
  38. Crome P, Smith AE, Withnall A, et al. Urinary and faecal incontinence: prevalence and health status. Rev Clinical Gerontology. 2001;11:109–113
  39. Ouslander JG, Kane RL, Abrass IB. Urinary incontinence in elderly nursing home patients. JAMA. 1982;248:1194–1198
  40. Aggazzotti G, Pesce F, Grassi D, et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence among institutionalized patients: a cross-sectional epidemiologic study in a midsized city in northern Italy. Urology. 2000;56:245–249
  41. Nakanishi N, Tatara K, Naramura H, et al. Urinary and fecal incontinence in a community-residing older population in Japan. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:215–219
  42. Brandeis GH, Baumann MM, Hossain M, et al. The prevalence of potentially remediable urinary incontinence in frail older people: a study using the Minimum Data Set. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:179–184
  43. Javid PJ, Barnhart DC, Hirschl RB, et al. Immediate and long-term results of surgical management of low imperforate anus in girls. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33:198–203
  44. Bytzer P, Talley NJ, Hammer J, et al. GI symptoms in diabetes mellitus are associated with both poor glycemic control and diabetic complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:604–611
  45. Edward N, Jones D. The prevalence of faecal incontinence in older people living at home. Age Ageing. 2001;30:503–507
  46. Kalantar JS, Howell S, Talley NJ. Prevalence of faecal incontinence and associated risk factors; an underdiagnosed problem in the Australian community?. Med J Aust. 2002;176:54–57
  47. Lam T, Kennedy M, Chen F, et al. Prevalence of faecal incontinence: obstetric and constipation-related risk factors. Colorectal Dis. 1999;1:197–203

PII: S1043-1489(09)00060-8

doi: 10.1053/j.scrs.2009.10.002

Seminars in Colon & Rectal Surgery
Volume 21, Issue 1 , Pages 2-5 , March 2010

Article Tools